Artificial Intelligence and the Emerging Epistemology of Forensic Odontology: A Southeast Asian Perspective

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is redefining forensic odontology through automated dental identification, radiographic comparison, biological age estimation, image segmentation, and disaster victim identification. Its application in Southeast Asia warrants particular scrutiny because population heterogeneity, variable dental records, differences in imaging infrastructure, and diverse clinical practices may compromise the external validity of algorithms developed elsewhere. Responsible implementation of AI requires population-representative datasets, multi-center validation, calibration, transparent reporting, uncertainty assessment, and preservation of evidentiary integrity. AI-derived outputs must remain auditable and subject to expert interpretation within established medico-legal frameworks. Forensic education must consequently incorporate data literacy, algorithmic bias, validation methodology, digital ethics, and cybersecurity alongside conventional competencies. Regional collaboration could enable harmonized data standards and representative repositories. Ultimately, AI should augment rather than replace forensic odontological judgment, with its evidentiary legitimacy determined by scientific validation, transparency, contextual applicability, and accountable human oversight.