Digital and Three-Dimensional Technologies in Forensic Odontology: Equipment, Casework Applications, and Educational Practice

Abstract

Forensic odontology increasingly relies on digital and three-dimensional (3D) technologies for the capture, analysis, and presentation of dental evidence. Equipment such as intraoral scanners, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), forensic photography systems, 3D modelling and printing, virtual reality, digital comparison software, and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted analysis is increasingly accessible across academic dental institutions and forensic odontology units internationally. This techno-byte reviews this equipment’s application to forensic casework and dental and forensic education, drawing on the published literature and illustrative research examples from the author’s own research group at the University of Dundee. A typical digital workflow linking data acquisition, processing, and output for casework versus educational use is outlined, alongside practical considerations such as cost, standardisation, workforce sustainability, and data governance, that shape adoption of these technologies wherever they are used. Continued investment in equipment, validation, and interdisciplinary training is recommended to translate the research potential of these tools into consistent forensic odontology practice and education.