Digital Dental Records in Forensic Identification: Emerging Frontiers in Contemporary Forensic Odontology—A Narrative Review

Abstract

Forensic odontology has emerged as an indispensable component of forensic science owing to its significant role in human identification, particularly in cases involving mass disasters, advanced decomposition, carbonization, and fragmented human remains. Dental tissues exhibit remarkable resistance to environmental insults, making dental evidence one of the most reliable biological identifiers when fingerprints or facial features are unavailable. The transition from conventional paper-based dental records to comprehensive digital documentation has transformed forensic identification by improving the accuracy, accessibility, storage, and comparison of antemortem and postmortem records. Recent technological advancements, including electronic dental records (EDRs), digital radiography, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), intraoral scanners, three-dimensional (3D) digital dental models, and artificial intelligence (AI), have significantly enhanced the efficiency and precision of forensic investigations. These technologies facilitate detailed evaluation of dental morphology, restorations, prostheses, implants, and craniofacial structures while enabling rapid electronic data retrieval and remote consultation during disaster victim identification. Furthermore, AI-assisted image analysis and automated dental record-matching systems have demonstrated considerable potential in reducing identification time and minimizing observer-related variability. Despite these advances, challenges related to standardization, interoperability, data security, ethical concerns, and legal admissibility continue to influence the implementation of digital technologies in forensic practice. This narrative review discusses the evolution of digital dental records, highlights recent technological innovations, and critically examines their applications, advantages, limitations, and future perspectives in contemporary forensic odontology. The integration of digital technologies with conventional forensic principles is expected to redefine human identification by providing more accurate, efficient, and evidence-based forensic investigations.